Hillsdale College

Grant Awardees

The Virtues and Vices of Spiritual Yearning initiative asks how the human longing for meaning, connection, transcendence, or a reality greater than oneself can contribute to wisdom, openness, moral growth, and well-being - and how it can instead become entangled with anxiety, dogmatism, credulity, tribalism, or despair. The question is especially pressing as traditional patterns of religious affiliation shift while spiritual seeking continues in both religious and nonreligious forms.

The eight funded sub-grants form a deliberately balanced portfolio. Four philosophical projects develop conceptual and normative frameworks for understanding spiritual yearning and its characteristic virtues and vices. Four psychological projects use cross-cultural, longitudinal, behavioral, experimental, and mixed methods to examine how yearning develops, what shapes it, and how it relates to flourishing and vulnerability. Together, these projects will build a shared interdisciplinary foundation for future scholarship and for practical engagement by clinicians, chaplains, educators, faith leaders, and the wider public.

ALL GRANT AWARDEES

1

In What Can I Hope? Spiritual Yearning in the Nones and Dones

This international, cross-cultural project examines the spiritual lives of religious 'nones' (people without a religious affiliation) and 'dones' (people who have left a religious tradition).

Kelly J. Clark (Ibn Haldun University)
Emil Salim (Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Reformed Indonesia)

Award: $100,000
Start Date: October 1, 2026
End Date: September 20, 2028

2

Longing for Transcendence: Spiritual Yearning in Religious and Secular Life

This project develops a philosophical account of spiritual yearning that can speak to religious and secular lives alike.

Kaitlyn Creasy (California State University, San Bernardino)
Joshua DiPaolo (California State University, Fullerton)
Joshua Hicks (Texas A&M University)
Paul Katsafanas (Boston University)
Patty Van Cappellen (Duke University)

Award: $99,237.60
Start Date: October 1, 2026
End Date: September 20, 2028

3

Spiritual Yearning and the Axiology of Theism and Other Worldviews: A Theoretical Exploration

Philosophers of religion often ask whether God exists. This project asks a different question: what difference would God's existence make to the value of human life and the world?

Klaas J. Kraay (Toronto Metropolitan University)
Leigh Vicens (Augustana University) 

Award: $99,799.78
Start Date: October 1, 2026
End Date: September 20, 2028

4

Spiritual Patience and Its Role Throughout Spiritual Yearning

Spiritual seekers often confront silence, absence, delay, or uncertainty in relation to God or some other transcendent reality. This project develops the concept of spiritual patience: the capacity to remain calm yet genuinely engaged when the object of one's spiritual yearning seems hidden, distant, or obscure.

Devan Stahl (Baylor University)
Sarah Schnitker (Baylor University)
Anne Jeffrey (Baylor University)
Allison Alford (Baylor University)

Award: $100,000
Start Date: October 1, 2026
End Date: September 20, 2028

5

The Predictors, Correlates, and Course of Spiritual Yearning: A Three-Site, Longitudinal Approach

This three-site project will use repeated measurements to ask who is most likely to experience spiritual yearning, how it changes or resolves, and how it relates over time to mental health, meaning, religious identity, and intellectual character.

G. Tyler Lefevor (Utah State University)
Sam Hardy, Justin Dyer, and Mike Goodman (Brigham Young University)
Chana Etengoff (Adelphi University)

Award: $249,601
Start Date: October 1, 2026
End Date: September 20, 2028

6

Spiritual Yearning, Mystical Experiences, and Existential Meaning in Life: A Global Perspective

This project will conduct the first large-scale global investigation of spiritual yearning and mystical experience.

Ara Norenzayan (University of British Columbia)
Steven J. Heine (University of British Columbia)

Award: $250,000
Start Date: October 1, 2026
End Date: September 20, 2028

7

The Yearning Paradox: How Epistemic Orientations Distinguish Virtuous and Vulnerable Pathways of Spiritual Seeking

This project examines the resulting 'yearning paradox': why the same search for transcendence, moral grounding, and meaning may sometimes promote curiosity, tolerance, and well-being, yet may at other times increase vulnerability to pseudoprofound claims, misinformation, conspiracy theories, prejudice, and exploitative communities.

Cindel White (York University)
Adam Baimel (Oxford Brookes University)

Award: $236,827.67
Start Date: October 1, 2026
End Date: September 20, 2028

8

Spiritual Yearning in a Shifting World: Mapping the Dynamics, Predictors, and Consequences of Spiritual Seeking in Nonreligious Lives

This mixed-methods project treats spiritual yearning as a process that unfolds over time rather than as either a fixed personality trait or a passing emotion.

Joshua A. Wilt (Case Western Reserve University)
Patty Van Cappellen (Duke University)
Julie J. Exline (University of Virginia)
Yehudis Keller (Case Western Reserve University)

Award: $249,999
Start Date: October 1, 2026
End Date: September 20, 2028